IObserver<T> Gränssnitt

Definition

generic <typename T>
public interface class IObserver

public interface IObserver<in T>

type IObserver<'T> = interface

Public Interface IObserver(Of In T)

Typparametrar

Härledda

Microsoft.Extensions.DiagnosticAdapter.DiagnosticSourceAdapter

System.Web.Hosting.LowPhysicalMemoryObserver

System.Web.Hosting.RecycleLimitObserver

Exempel

I följande exempel visas mönstret för observatörsdesign. Den definierar en Location klass som innehåller information om latitud och longitud.

public struct Location
{
   double lat, lon;

   public Location(double latitude, double longitude)
   {
      this.lat = latitude;
      this.lon = longitude;
   }

   public double Latitude
   { get { return this.lat; } }

   public double Longitude
   { get { return this.lon; } }
}

[<Struct>]
type Location =
    { Latitude: double
      Longitude: double }

Public Structure Location
   Dim lat, lon As Double

   Public Sub New(ByVal latitude As Double, ByVal longitude As Double)
      Me.lat = latitude
      Me.lon = longitude
   End Sub

   Public ReadOnly Property Latitude As Double
      Get
         Return Me.lat
      End Get
   End Property

   Public ReadOnly Property Longitude As Double
      Get
         Return Me.lon
      End Get
   End Property
End Structure

Klassen LocationReporter tillhandahåller implementeringen IObserver<T> . Den visar information om den aktuella platsen för konsolen. Konstruktorn innehåller en name parameter som gör att instansen LocationReporter kan identifiera sig i sina strängutdata. Den innehåller också en Subscribe metod som omsluter ett anrop till providerns Subscribe metod. På så sätt kan metoden tilldela den returnerade IDisposable referensen till en privat variabel. Klassen LocationReporter innehåller också en Unsubscribe metod som anropar IDisposable.Dispose metoden för objektet som returneras av IObservable<T>.Subscribe metoden. Följande kod definierar LocationReporter klassen.

using System;

public class LocationReporter : IObserver<Location>
{
   private IDisposable unsubscriber;
   private string instName;

   public LocationReporter(string name)
   {
      this.instName = name;
   }

   public string Name
   {  get{ return this.instName; } }

   public virtual void Subscribe(IObservable<Location> provider)
   {
      if (provider != null)
         unsubscriber = provider.Subscribe(this);
   }

   public virtual void OnCompleted()
   {
      Console.WriteLine("The Location Tracker has completed transmitting data to {0}.", this.Name);
      this.Unsubscribe();
   }

   public virtual void OnError(Exception e)
   {
      Console.WriteLine("{0}: The location cannot be determined.", this.Name);
   }

   public virtual void OnNext(Location value)
   {
      Console.WriteLine("{2}: The current location is {0}, {1}", value.Latitude, value.Longitude, this.Name);
   }

   public virtual void Unsubscribe()
   {
      unsubscriber.Dispose();
   }
}

open System

type LocationReporter(name) =
    let mutable unsubscriber = Unchecked.defaultof<IDisposable>

    member _.Name = name

    member this.Subscribe(provider: IObservable<Location>) =
        if provider <> null then
            unsubscriber <- provider.Subscribe this

    member _.Unsubscribe() =
        unsubscriber.Dispose()

    interface IObserver<Location> with
        member this.OnCompleted() =
            printfn $"The Location Tracker has completed transmitting data to {name}."
            this.Unsubscribe()

        member _.OnError(_) =
            printfn $"{name}: The location cannot be determined."

        member _.OnNext(value) =
            printfn $"{name}: The current location is {value.Latitude}, {value.Longitude}"

Public Class LocationReporter : Implements IObserver(Of Location)
   Dim unsubscriber As IDisposable
   Dim instName As String

   Public Sub New(ByVal name As String)
      Me.instName = name
   End Sub

   Public ReadOnly Property Name As String
      Get
         Return instName
      End Get
   End Property

   Public Overridable Sub Subscribe(ByVal provider As IObservable(Of Location))
      If provider Is Nothing Then Exit Sub
      unsubscriber = provider.Subscribe(Me)
   End Sub

   Public Overridable Sub OnCompleted() Implements System.IObserver(Of Location).OnCompleted
      Console.WriteLine("The Location Tracker has completed transmitting data to {0}.", Me.Name)
      Me.Unsubscribe()
   End Sub

   Public Overridable Sub OnError(ByVal e As System.Exception) Implements System.IObserver(Of Location).OnError
      Console.WriteLine("{0}: The location cannot be determined.", Me.Name)
   End Sub

   Public Overridable Sub OnNext(ByVal value As Location) Implements System.IObserver(Of Location).OnNext
      Console.WriteLine("{2}: The current location is {0}, {1}", value.Latitude, value.Longitude, Me.Name)
   End Sub

   Public Overridable Sub Unsubscribe()
      unsubscriber.Dispose()
   End Sub
End Class

Klassen LocationTracker tillhandahåller implementeringen IObservable<T> . Dess TrackLocation metod skickas ett null-objekt Location som innehåller latitud- och longituddata. Om värdet Location inte nullär anropar TrackLocation metoden metoden för OnNext varje övervakare.

public class LocationTracker : IObservable<Location>
{
   public LocationTracker()
   {
      observers = new List<IObserver<Location>>();
   }

   private List<IObserver<Location>> observers;

   public IDisposable Subscribe(IObserver<Location> observer)
   {
      if (!observers.Contains(observer))
         observers.Add(observer);
      return new Unsubscriber(observers, observer);
   }

   private class Unsubscriber : IDisposable
   {
      private List<IObserver<Location>>_observers;
      private IObserver<Location> _observer;

      public Unsubscriber(List<IObserver<Location>> observers, IObserver<Location> observer)
      {
         this._observers = observers;
         this._observer = observer;
      }

      public void Dispose()
      {
         if (_observer != null && _observers.Contains(_observer))
            _observers.Remove(_observer);
      }
   }

   public void TrackLocation(Nullable<Location> loc)
   {
      foreach (var observer in observers) {
         if (!loc.HasValue)
            observer.OnError(new LocationUnknownException());
         else
            observer.OnNext(loc.Value);
      }
   }

   public void EndTransmission()
   {
      foreach (var observer in observers.ToArray())
         if (observers.Contains(observer))
            observer.OnCompleted();

      observers.Clear();
   }
}

type Unsubscriber(observers: ResizeArray<IObserver<Location>>, observer: IObserver<Location>) =
    interface IDisposable with
        member _.Dispose() =
            if observer <> null && observers.Contains observer then
                observers.Remove observer |> ignore

type LocationTracker() =
    let observers = ResizeArray<IObserver<Location>>()

    interface IObservable<Location> with
        member _.Subscribe(observer) =
            if observers.Contains observer |> not then
                observers.Add observer
            new Unsubscriber(observers, observer)

    member _.TrackLocation(loc: Nullable<Location>) =
        for observer in observers do
            if not loc.HasValue then
                observer.OnError LocationUnknownException
            else
                observer.OnNext loc.Value

    member _.EndTransmission() =
        for observer in observers.ToArray() do
            if observers.Contains observer then
                observer.OnCompleted()
        observers.Clear()

Public Class LocationTracker : Implements IObservable(Of Location)

   Public Sub New()
      observers = New List(Of IObserver(Of Location))
   End Sub

   Private observers As List(Of IObserver(Of Location))

   Public Function Subscribe(ByVal observer As System.IObserver(Of Location)) As System.IDisposable _
                            Implements System.IObservable(Of Location).Subscribe
      If Not observers.Contains(observer) Then
         observers.Add(observer)
      End If
      Return New Unsubscriber(observers, observer)
   End Function

   Private Class Unsubscriber : Implements IDisposable
      Private _observers As List(Of IObserver(Of Location))
      Private _observer As IObserver(Of Location)

      Public Sub New(ByVal observers As List(Of IObserver(Of Location)), ByVal observer As IObserver(Of Location))
         Me._observers = observers
         Me._observer = observer
      End Sub

      Public Sub Dispose() Implements IDisposable.Dispose
         If _observer IsNot Nothing AndAlso _observers.Contains(_observer) Then
            _observers.Remove(_observer)
         End If
      End Sub
   End Class

   Public Sub TrackLocation(ByVal loc As Nullable(Of Location))
      For Each observer In observers
         If Not loc.HasValue Then
            observer.OnError(New LocationUnknownException())
         Else
            observer.OnNext(loc.Value)
         End If
      Next
   End Sub

   Public Sub EndTransmission()
      For Each observer In observers.ToArray()
         If observers.Contains(observer) Then observer.OnCompleted()
      Next
      observers.Clear()
   End Sub
End Class

Om värdet Location är nullTrackLocation instansierar metoden ett LocationNotFoundException objekt, vilket visas i följande exempel. Sedan anropas varje observatörs metod och objektet skickas OnErrorLocationNotFoundException . Observera att LocationNotFoundException härleds från Exception men inte lägger till några nya medlemmar.

public class LocationUnknownException : Exception
{
   internal LocationUnknownException()
   { }
}

exception LocationUnknownException

Public Class LocationUnknownException : Inherits Exception
   Friend Sub New()
   End Sub
End Class

Observatörer registrerar sig för att ta emot meddelanden från ett TrackLocation objekt genom att anropa dess IObservable<T>.Subscribe metod, som tilldelar en referens till observatörsobjektet till ett privat generiskt List<T> objekt. Metoden returnerar ett Unsubscriber objekt, vilket är en IDisposable implementering som gör det möjligt för observatörer att sluta ta emot meddelanden. Klassen LocationTracker innehåller också en EndTransmission metod. När inga ytterligare platsdata är tillgängliga anropar metoden varje observatörs OnCompleted metod och rensar sedan den interna listan över observatörer.

Följande kod instansierar sedan providern och övervakaren.

using System;

class Program
{
   static void Main(string[] args)
   {
      // Define a provider and two observers.
      LocationTracker provider = new LocationTracker();
      LocationReporter reporter1 = new LocationReporter("FixedGPS");
      reporter1.Subscribe(provider);
      LocationReporter reporter2 = new LocationReporter("MobileGPS");
      reporter2.Subscribe(provider);

      provider.TrackLocation(new Location(47.6456, -122.1312));
      reporter1.Unsubscribe();
      provider.TrackLocation(new Location(47.6677, -122.1199));
      provider.TrackLocation(null);
      provider.EndTransmission();
   }
}
// The example displays output similar to the following:
//      FixedGPS: The current location is 47.6456, -122.1312
//      MobileGPS: The current location is 47.6456, -122.1312
//      MobileGPS: The current location is 47.6677, -122.1199
//      MobileGPS: The location cannot be determined.
//      The Location Tracker has completed transmitting data to MobileGPS.

open System

// Define a provider and two observers.
let provider = LocationTracker()
let reporter1 = LocationReporter "FixedGPS"
reporter1.Subscribe provider
let reporter2 = LocationReporter "MobileGPS"
reporter2.Subscribe provider

provider.TrackLocation { Latitude = 47.6456; Longitude = -122.1312 }
reporter1.Unsubscribe()
provider.TrackLocation { Latitude = 47.6677; Longitude = -122.1199 }
provider.TrackLocation(Nullable())
provider.EndTransmission()
// The example displays output similar to the following:
//      FixedGPS: The current location is 47.6456, -122.1312
//      MobileGPS: The current location is 47.6456, -122.1312
//      MobileGPS: The current location is 47.6677, -122.1199
//      MobileGPS: The location cannot be determined.
//      The Location Tracker has completed transmitting data to MobileGPS.

Module Module1
   Dim provider As LocationTracker

   Sub Main()
      ' Define a provider and two observers.
      provider = New LocationTracker()
      Dim reporter1 As New LocationReporter("FixedGPS")
      reporter1.Subscribe(provider)
      Dim reporter2 As New LocationReporter("MobileGPS")
      reporter2.Subscribe(provider)

      provider.TrackLocation(New Location(47.6456, -122.1312))
      reporter1.Unsubscribe()
      provider.TrackLocation(New Location(47.6677, -122.1199))
      provider.TrackLocation(Nothing)
      provider.EndTransmission()
   End Sub
End Module
' The example displays output similar to the following:
'       FixedGPS: The current location is 47.6456, -122.1312
'       MobileGPS: The current location is 47.6456, -122.1312
'       MobileGPS: The current location is 47.6677, -122.1199
'       MobileGPS: The location cannot be determined.
'       The Location Tracker has completed transmitting data to MobileGPS.

Kommentarer

Gränssnitten IObserver<T> och IObservable<T> ger en generaliserad mekanism för push-baserade meddelanden, även kallat mönstret för observatörsdesign. Gränssnittet IObservable<T> representerar klassen som skickar meddelanden (providern), IObserver<T> gränssnittet representerar klassen som tar emot dem (övervakaren). T representerar klassen som tillhandahåller meddelandeinformationen.

En IObserver<T> implementering ordnar att ta emot meddelanden från en leverantör (en IObservable<T> implementering) genom att skicka en instans av sig själv till leverantörens IObservable<T>.Subscribe metod. Den här metoden returnerar ett IDisposable objekt som kan användas för att avbryta prenumerationen på övervakaren innan providern har skickat meddelanden.

Gränssnittet IObserver<T> definierar följande tre metoder som övervakaren måste implementera:

• Metoden OnNext , som vanligtvis anropas av providern för att förse observatören med nya data eller tillståndsinformation.

• Metoden OnError , som vanligtvis anropas av providern för att indikera att data är otillgängliga, otillgängliga eller skadade, eller att providern har upplevt något annat feltillstånd.

• Metoden OnCompleted , som vanligtvis anropas av providern för att indikera att den har skickat meddelanden till observatörer.

Se även

• IObservable<T>