System.Delegate.CreateDelegate-metoder

De CreateDelegate metoderna skapar ett ombud av en angiven typ.

CreateDelegate(Type, MethodInfo) metod

Den här metodöverlagringen motsvarar att anropa CreateDelegate(Type, MethodInfo, Boolean)-metodens överlagring och ange true för throwOnBindFailure.

Exempel

Det här avsnittet innehåller två kodexempel. Det första exemplet visar de två typer av delegater som kan skapas med den här metodens överlagring: öppna för en instansmetod och öppna för en statisk metod.

Det andra kodexemplet visar kompatibla parametertyper och returtyper.

Exempel 1

I följande kodexempel visas de två sätt som en delegat kan skapas med hjälp av denna överlagring av CreateDelegate-metoden.

I exemplet deklareras en klass C med en statisk metod M2 och en instansmetod M1och två ombudstyper: D1 tar en instans av C och en sträng och D2 tar en sträng.

En andra klass med namnet Example innehåller koden som skapar ombuden.

• Ett ombud av typen D1, som representerar en öppen instansmetod, skapas för instansmetoden M1. En instans måste skickas när delegaten anropas.
• Ett ombud av typen D2, som representerar en öppen statisk metod, skapas för den statiska metoden M2.

using System;
using System.Reflection;

// Declare three delegate types for demonstrating the combinations
// of static versus instance methods and open versus closed
// delegates.
//
public delegate void D1(C c, string s);
public delegate void D2(string s);
public delegate void D3();

// A sample class with an instance method and a static method.
//
public class C
{
    private int id;
    public C(int id) { this.id = id; }

    public void M1(string s)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1 on C:  id = {0}, s = {1}",
            this.id, s);
    }

    public static void M2(string s)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Static method M2 on C:  s = {s}");
    }
}

public class Example2
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        C c1 = new C(42);

        // Get a MethodInfo for each method.
        //
        MethodInfo mi1 = typeof(C).GetMethod("M1",
            BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
        MethodInfo mi2 = typeof(C).GetMethod("M2",
            BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static);

        D1 d1;
        D2 d2;
        D3 d3;

        Console.WriteLine("\nAn instance method closed over C.");
        // In this case, the delegate and the
        // method must have the same list of argument types; use
        // delegate type D2 with instance method M1.
        //
        Delegate test =
            Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D2), c1, mi1, false);

        // Because false was specified for throwOnBindFailure
        // in the call to CreateDelegate, the variable 'test'
        // contains null if the method fails to bind (for
        // example, if mi1 happened to represent a method of
        // some class other than C).
        //
        if (test != null)
        {
            d2 = (D2)test;

            // The same instance of C is used every time the
            // delegate is invoked.
            d2("Hello, World!");
            d2("Hi, Mom!");
        }

        Console.WriteLine("\nAn open instance method.");
        // In this case, the delegate has one more
        // argument than the instance method; this argument comes
        // at the beginning, and represents the hidden instance
        // argument of the instance method. Use delegate type D1
        // with instance method M1.
        //
        d1 = (D1)Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D1), null, mi1);

        // An instance of C must be passed in each time the
        // delegate is invoked.
        //
        d1(c1, "Hello, World!");
        d1(new C(5280), "Hi, Mom!");

        Console.WriteLine("\nAn open static method.");
        // In this case, the delegate and the method must
        // have the same list of argument types; use delegate type
        // D2 with static method M2.
        //
        d2 = (D2)Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D2), null, mi2);

        // No instances of C are involved, because this is a static
        // method.
        //
        d2("Hello, World!");
        d2("Hi, Mom!");

        Console.WriteLine("\nA static method closed over the first argument (String).");
        // The delegate must omit the first argument of the method.
        // A string is passed as the firstArgument parameter, and
        // the delegate is bound to this string. Use delegate type
        // D3 with static method M2.
        //
        d3 = (D3)Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D3),
            "Hello, World!", mi2);

        // Each time the delegate is invoked, the same string is
        // used.
        d3();
    }
}

/* This code example produces the following output:

An instance method closed over C.
Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hello, World!
Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hi, Mom!

An open instance method.
Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hello, World!
Instance method M1 on C:  id = 5280, s = Hi, Mom!

An open static method.
Static method M2 on C:  s = Hello, World!
Static method M2 on C:  s = Hi, Mom!

A static method closed over the first argument (String).
Static method M2 on C:  s = Hello, World!
 */

open System
open System.Reflection

// A sample class with an instance method and a static method.
type C(id) =
    member _.M1(s) =
        printfn $"Instance method M1 on C:  id = %i{id}, s = %s{s}"

    static member M2(s) =
        printfn $"Static method M2 on C:  s = %s{s}"
    
// Declare three delegate types for demonstrating the combinations
// of static versus instance methods and open versus closed
// delegates.
type D1 = delegate of C * string -> unit
type D2 = delegate of string -> unit
type D3 = delegate of unit -> unit

let c1 = C 42

// Get a MethodInfo for each method.
//
let mi1 = typeof<C>.GetMethod("M1", BindingFlags.Public ||| BindingFlags.Instance)
let mi2 = typeof<C>.GetMethod("M2", BindingFlags.Public ||| BindingFlags.Static)

printfn "\nAn instance method closed over C."

// In this case, the delegate and the
// method must have the same list of argument types use
// delegate type D2 with instance method M1.
let test = Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D2>, c1, mi1, false)

// Because false was specified for throwOnBindFailure
// in the call to CreateDelegate, the variable 'test'
// contains null if the method fails to bind (for
// example, if mi1 happened to represent a method of
// some class other than C).
if test <> null then
    let d2 = test :?> D2

    // The same instance of C is used every time the
    // delegate is invoked.
    d2.Invoke "Hello, World!"
    d2.Invoke "Hi, Mom!"

printfn "\nAn open instance method."

// In this case, the delegate has one more
// argument than the instance method this argument comes
// at the beginning, and represents the hidden instance
// argument of the instance method. Use delegate type D1
// with instance method M1.
let d1 = Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D1>, null, mi1) :?> D1

// An instance of C must be passed in each time the
// delegate is invoked.
d1.Invoke(c1, "Hello, World!")
d1.Invoke(C 5280, "Hi, Mom!")

printfn "\nAn open static method."
// In this case, the delegate and the method must
// have the same list of argument types use delegate type
// D2 with static method M2.
let d2 = Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D2>, null, mi2) :?> D2

// No instances of C are involved, because this is a static
// method.
d2.Invoke "Hello, World!"
d2.Invoke "Hi, Mom!"

printfn "\nA static method closed over the first argument (String)."
// The delegate must omit the first argument of the method.
// A string is passed as the firstArgument parameter, and
// the delegate is bound to this string. Use delegate type
// D3 with static method M2.
let d3 = Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D3>, "Hello, World!", mi2) :?> D3

// Each time the delegate is invoked, the same string is used.
d3.Invoke()

// This code example produces the following output:
//     An instance method closed over C.
//     Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hello, World!
//     Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hi, Mom!
//     
//     An open instance method.
//     Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hello, World!
//     Instance method M1 on C:  id = 5280, s = Hi, Mom!
//     
//     An open static method.
//     Static method M2 on C:  s = Hello, World!
//     Static method M2 on C:  s = Hi, Mom!
//     
//     A static method closed over the first argument (String).
//     Static method M2 on C:  s = Hello, World!

Imports System.Reflection
Imports System.Security.Permissions

' Declare three delegate types for demonstrating the combinations
' of Shared versus instance methods and open versus closed
' delegates.
'
Public Delegate Sub D1(ByVal c As C2, ByVal s As String)
Public Delegate Sub D2(ByVal s As String)
Public Delegate Sub D3()

' A sample class with an instance method and a Shared method.
'
Public Class C2
    Private id As Integer
    Public Sub New(ByVal id As Integer)
        Me.id = id
    End Sub

    Public Sub M1(ByVal s As String)
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1 on C2:  id = {0}, s = {1}",
            Me.id, s)
    End Sub

    Public Shared Sub M2(ByVal s As String)
        Console.WriteLine("Shared method M2 on C2:  s = {0}", s)
    End Sub
End Class

Public Class Example2

    Public Shared Sub Main()

        Dim c1 As New C2(42)

        ' Get a MethodInfo for each method.
        '
        Dim mi1 As MethodInfo = GetType(C2).GetMethod("M1",
            BindingFlags.Public Or BindingFlags.Instance)
        Dim mi2 As MethodInfo = GetType(C2).GetMethod("M2",
            BindingFlags.Public Or BindingFlags.Static)

        Dim d1 As D1
        Dim d2 As D2
        Dim d3 As D3


        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "An instance method closed over C2.")
        ' In this case, the delegate and the
        ' method must have the same list of argument types; use
        ' delegate type D2 with instance method M1.
        '
        Dim test As [Delegate] =
            [Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D2), c1, mi1, False)

        ' Because False was specified for throwOnBindFailure 
        ' in the call to CreateDelegate, the variable 'test'
        ' contains Nothing if the method fails to bind (for 
        ' example, if mi1 happened to represent a method of 
        ' some class other than C2).
        '
        If test IsNot Nothing Then
            d2 = CType(test, D2)

            ' The same instance of C2 is used every time the
            ' delegate is invoked.
            d2("Hello, World!")
            d2("Hi, Mom!")
        End If


        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "An open instance method.")
        ' In this case, the delegate has one more 
        ' argument than the instance method; this argument comes
        ' at the beginning, and represents the hidden instance
        ' argument of the instance method. Use delegate type D1
        ' with instance method M1.
        '
        d1 = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D1), Nothing, mi1), D1)

        ' An instance of C2 must be passed in each time the 
        ' delegate is invoked.
        '
        d1(c1, "Hello, World!")
        d1(New C2(5280), "Hi, Mom!")


        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "An open Shared method.")
        ' In this case, the delegate and the method must 
        ' have the same list of argument types; use delegate type
        ' D2 with Shared method M2.
        '
        d2 = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D2), Nothing, mi2), D2)

        ' No instances of C2 are involved, because this is a Shared
        ' method. 
        '
        d2("Hello, World!")
        d2("Hi, Mom!")


        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "A Shared method closed over the first argument (String).")
        ' The delegate must omit the first argument of the method.
        ' A string is passed as the firstArgument parameter, and 
        ' the delegate is bound to this string. Use delegate type 
        ' D3 with Shared method M2. 
        '
        d3 = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D3), "Hello, World!", mi2), D3)

        ' Each time the delegate is invoked, the same string is
        ' used.
        d3()

    End Sub
End Class

' This code example produces the following output:
'
'An instance method closed over C2.
'Instance method M1 on C2:  id = 42, s = Hello, World!
'Instance method M1 on C2:  id = 42, s = Hi, Mom!
'
'An open instance method.
'Instance method M1 on C2:  id = 42, s = Hello, World!
'Instance method M1 on C2:  id = 5280, s = Hi, Mom!
'
'An open Shared method.
'Shared method M2 on C2:  s = Hello, World!
'Shared method M2 on C2:  s = Hi, Mom!
'
'A Shared method closed over the first argument (String).
'Shared method M2 on C2:  s = Hello, World!
'

Exempel 2

I följande kodexempel visas kompatibilitet för parametertyper och returtyper.

Kodexemplet definierar en basklass med namnet Base och en klass med namnet Derived som härleds från Base. Den härledda klassen har en metod static (Shared i Visual Basic) med namnet MyMethod med en parameter av typen Base och en returtyp av Derived. Kodexemplet definierar också ett ombud med namnet Example som har en parameter av typen Derived och en returtyp av Base.

Kodexemplet visar att ombudet med namnet Example kan användas för att representera metoden MyMethod. Metoden kan bindas till ombudet eftersom:

• Parametertypen för ombudet (Derived) är mer restriktiv än parametertypen MyMethod (Base), så att det alltid är säkert att skicka argumentet för ombudet till MyMethod.
• Returtypen för MyMethod (Derived) är mer restriktiv än parametertypen för ombudet (Base), så att det alltid är säkert att omvandla returtypen för metoden till ombudets returtyp.

Kodexemplet genererar inga utdata.

using System;
using System.Reflection;

// Define two classes to use in the demonstration, a base class and
// a class that derives from it.
//
public class Base { }

public class Derived : Base
{
    // Define a static method to use in the demonstration. The method
    // takes an instance of Base and returns an instance of Derived.
    // For the purposes of the demonstration, it is not necessary for
    // the method to do anything useful.
    //
    public static Derived MyMethod(Base arg)
    {
        Base dummy = arg;
        return new Derived();
    }
}

// Define a delegate that takes an instance of Derived and returns an
// instance of Base.
//
public delegate Base Example5(Derived arg);

class Test
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        // The binding flags needed to retrieve MyMethod.
        BindingFlags flags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static;

        // Get a MethodInfo that represents MyMethod.
        MethodInfo minfo = typeof(Derived).GetMethod("MyMethod", flags);

        // Demonstrate contravariance of parameter types and covariance
        // of return types by using the delegate Example5 to represent
        // MyMethod. The delegate binds to the method because the
        // parameter of the delegate is more restrictive than the
        // parameter of the method (that is, the delegate accepts an
        // instance of Derived, which can always be safely passed to
        // a parameter of type Base), and the return type of MyMethod
        // is more restrictive than the return type of Example5 (that
        // is, the method returns an instance of Derived, which can
        // always be safely cast to type Base).
        //
        Example5 ex =
            (Example5)Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(Example5), minfo);

        // Execute MyMethod using the delegate Example5.
        //
        Base b = ex(new Derived());
    }
}

open System
open System.Reflection

// Define two classes to use in the demonstration, a base class and
// a class that derives from it.
type Base() = class end

type Derived() =
    inherit Base()

    // Define a static method to use in the demonstration. The method
    // takes an instance of Base and returns an instance of Derived.
    // For the purposes of the demonstration, it is not necessary for
    // the method to do anything useful.
    static member MyMethod(arg: Base) =
        Derived()

// Define a delegate that takes an instance of Derived and returns an
// instance of Base.
type Example = delegate of Derived -> Base

// The binding flags needed to retrieve MyMethod.
let flags = BindingFlags.Public ||| BindingFlags.Static

// Get a MethodInfo that represents MyMethod.
let minfo = typeof<Derived>.GetMethod("MyMethod", flags)

// Demonstrate contravariance of parameter types and covariance
// of return types by using the delegate Example to represent
// MyMethod. The delegate binds to the method because the
// parameter of the delegate is more restrictive than the
// parameter of the method (that is, the delegate accepts an
// instance of Derived, which can always be safely passed to
// a parameter of type Base), and the return type of MyMethod
// is more restrictive than the return type of Example (that
// is, the method returns an instance of Derived, which can
// always be safely cast to type Base).
let ex = Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<Example>, minfo) :?> Example

// Execute MyMethod using the delegate Example.
let b = Derived() |> ex.Invoke

Imports System.Reflection

' Define two classes to use in the demonstration, a base class and 
' a class that derives from it.
'
Public Class Base
End Class

Public Class Derived
    Inherits Base

    ' Define a Shared method to use in the demonstration. The method 
    ' takes an instance of Base and returns an instance of Derived.  
    ' For the purposes of the demonstration, it is not necessary for 
    ' the method to do anything useful. 
    '
    Public Shared Function MyMethod(ByVal arg As Base) As Derived
        Dim dummy As Base = arg
        Return New Derived()
    End Function

End Class

' Define a delegate that takes an instance of Derived and returns an
' instance of Base.
'
Public Delegate Function Example(ByVal arg As Derived) As Base

Module Test

    Sub Main()

        ' The binding flags needed to retrieve MyMethod.
        Dim flags As BindingFlags = _
            BindingFlags.Public Or BindingFlags.Static

        ' Get a MethodInfo that represents MyMethod.
        Dim minfo As MethodInfo = _
            GetType(Derived).GetMethod("MyMethod", flags)

        ' Demonstrate contravariance of parameter types and covariance
        ' of return types by using the delegate Example to represent
        ' MyMethod. The delegate binds to the method because the
        ' parameter of the delegate is more restrictive than the 
        ' parameter of the method (that is, the delegate accepts an
        ' instance of Derived, which can always be safely passed to
        ' a parameter of type Base), and the return type of MyMethod
        ' is more restrictive than the return type of Example (that
        ' is, the method returns an instance of Derived, which can
        ' always be safely cast to type Base). 
        '
        Dim ex As Example = CType( _
            [Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(Example), minfo), _
            Example _
        )

        ' Execute MyMethod using the delegate Example.
        '        
        Dim b As Base = ex(New Derived())
    End Sub
End Module

CreateDelegate(Type, Object, MethodInfo) och CreateDelegate(Type, Object, MethodInfo, Boolean) metoder

Funktionerna i dessa två överlagringar är desamma förutom att den ena gör att du kan ange om det ska utlösas vid fel vid bindning och den andra alltid genererar.

Delegattypen och metoden måste ha kompatibla returtyper. Returtypen för method måste alltså vara tilldelningsbar till returtypen för type.

firstArgument, den andra parametern för dessa överbelastningar, är det första argumentet för metoden som delegeringen representerar. Om firstArgument tillhandahålls, skickas den till method varje gång delegaten anropas. firstArgument sägs vara bunden till delegaten, och delegaten sägs vara sluten över sitt första argument. Om method är static (Shared i Visual Basic) innehåller argumentlistan som angavs när ombudet anropas alla parametrar utom den första. Om method är en instansmetod skickas firstArgument till den dolda instansparametern (representeras av this i C# eller av Me i Visual Basic).

Om firstArgument anges måste den första parametern för method vara en referenstyp och firstArgument måste vara kompatibel med den typen.

Om firstArgument är en null-referens och method är en instansmetod beror resultatet på signaturerna för ombudstypen type och method:

• Om signaturen för type uttryckligen innehåller den dolda första parametern för method, kallas delegeringen en öppen instansmetod. När ombudet anropas skickas det första argumentet i argumentlistan till den dolda instansparametern för method.
• Om signaturerna för method och type matchar (det vill säga alla parametertyper är kompatibla) sägs delegaten vara bunden till en null-referens. Att anropa delegaten är som att anropa en instansmetod på en nullinstans, vilket inte är särskilt användbart.

Om firstArgument är en null-referens och method är statisk beror resultatet på signaturerna för ombudstypen type och method:

• Om signaturen för method och type matchar (det vill säga alla parametertyper är kompatibla) sägs delegaten representera en öppen statisk metod. Detta är det vanligaste fallet för statiska metoder. I det här fallet kan du få något bättre prestanda genom att använda CreateDelegate(Type, MethodInfo):s metodöverlagring.
• Om signaturen för type börjar med den andra parametern för method och resten av parametertyperna är kompatibla, sägs delegaten vara bunden till en null-referens. När ombudet anropas skickas en null-referens till den första parametern i method.

Exempel

I följande kodexempel visas alla metoder som en enskild ombudstyp kan representera: stängd över en instansmetod, öppen över en instansmetod, öppen över en statisk metod och stängd över en statisk metod.

Kodexemplet definierar två klasser, C och F, och en ombudstyp D med ett argument av typen C. Klasserna har matchande statiska metoder och instansmetoder M1, M3och M4och klass C har också en instansmetod M2 som inte har några argument.

En tredje klass med namnet Example innehåller koden som skapar ombuden.

• Ombud skapas för instansmetoden M1 av typen C och typ F; var och en stängs över en instans av respektive typ. Metoden M1 av typen C visar de ID egenskaperna för den bundna instansen och argumentet.
• Ett ombud skapas för metod M2 av typen C. Det här är en öppen instansdelegat där delegatens argument representerar det dolda första argumentet på instansmetoden. Metoden har inga andra argument. Det kallas som om det vore en statisk metod.
• Delegater skapas för statisk metod M3 av typ C och typ F; dessa är öppna statiska delegater.
• Slutligen skapas delegater för statisk metod M4 av typen C och typen F; varje metod har deklareringstypen som sitt första argument och en instans av typen anges, så delegaterna är bundna till sina första argument. Metoden M4 av typen C visar de ID egenskaperna för den bundna instansen och argumentet.

using System;
using System.Reflection;

// Declare a delegate type. The object of this code example
// is to show all the methods this delegate can bind to.
//
public delegate void D(C1 c);

// Declare two sample classes, C1 and F. Class C1 has an ID
// property so instances can be identified.
//
public class C1
{
    private int id;
    public int ID { get { return id; } }
    public C1(int id) { this.id = id; }

    public void M1(C1 c)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1(C1 c) on C1:  this.id = {0}, c.ID = {1}",
            this.id, c.ID);
    }

    public void M2()
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Instance method M2() on C1:  this.id = {this.id}");
    }

    public static void M3(C1 c)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Static method M3(C1 c) on C1:  c.ID = {c.ID}");
    }

    public static void M4(C1 c1, C1 c2)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Static method M4(C1 c1, C1 c2) on C1:  c1.ID = {0}, c2.ID = {1}",
            c1.ID, c2.ID);
    }
}

public class F
{
    public void M1(C1 c)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Instance method M1(C1 c) on F:  c.ID = {c.ID}");
    }

    public static void M3(C1 c)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Static method M3(C1 c) on F:  c.ID = {c.ID}");
    }

    public static void M4(F f, C1 c)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Static method M4(F f, C1 c) on F:  c.ID = {c.ID}");
    }
}

public class Example
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        C1 c1 = new C1(42);
        C1 c2 = new C1(1491);
        F f1 = new F();

        D d;

        // Instance method with one argument of type C1.
        MethodInfo cmi1 = typeof(C1).GetMethod("M1");
        // Instance method with no arguments.
        MethodInfo cmi2 = typeof(C1).GetMethod("M2");
        // Static method with one argument of type C1.
        MethodInfo cmi3 = typeof(C1).GetMethod("M3");
        // Static method with two arguments of type C1.
        MethodInfo cmi4 = typeof(C1).GetMethod("M4");

        // Instance method with one argument of type C1.
        MethodInfo fmi1 = typeof(F).GetMethod("M1");
        // Static method with one argument of type C1.
        MethodInfo fmi3 = typeof(F).GetMethod("M3");
        // Static method with an argument of type F and an argument
        // of type C1.
        MethodInfo fmi4 = typeof(F).GetMethod("M4");

        Console.WriteLine("\nAn instance method on any type, with an argument of type C1.");
        // D can represent any instance method that exactly matches its
        // signature. Methods on C1 and F are shown here.
        //
        d = (D)Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), c1, cmi1);
        d(c2);
        d = (D)Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), f1, fmi1);
        d(c2);

        Console.WriteLine("\nAn instance method on C1 with no arguments.");
        // D can represent an instance method on C1 that has no arguments;
        // in this case, the argument of D represents the hidden first
        // argument of any instance method. The delegate acts like a
        // static method, and an instance of C1 must be passed each time
        // it is invoked.
        //
        d = (D)Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), null, cmi2);
        d(c1);

        Console.WriteLine("\nA static method on any type, with an argument of type C1.");
        // D can represent any static method with the same signature.
        // Methods on F and C1 are shown here.
        //
        d = (D)Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), null, cmi3);
        d(c1);
        d = (D)Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), null, fmi3);
        d(c1);

        Console.WriteLine("\nA static method on any type, with an argument of");
        Console.WriteLine("    that type and an argument of type C1.");
        // D can represent any static method with one argument of the
        // type the method belongs and a second argument of type C1.
        // In this case, the method is closed over the instance of
        // supplied for the its first argument, and acts like an instance
        // method. Methods on F and C1 are shown here.
        //
        d = (D)Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), c1, cmi4);
        d(c2);
        Delegate test =
            Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), f1, fmi4, false);

        // This final example specifies false for throwOnBindFailure
        // in the call to CreateDelegate, so the variable 'test'
        // contains Nothing if the method fails to bind (for
        // example, if fmi4 happened to represent a method of
        // some class other than F).
        //
        if (test != null)
        {
            d = (D)test;
            d(c2);
        }
    }
}

/* This code example produces the following output:

An instance method on any type, with an argument of type C1.
Instance method M1(C1 c) on C1:  this.id = 42, c.ID = 1491
Instance method M1(C1 c) on F:  c.ID = 1491

An instance method on C1 with no arguments.
Instance method M2() on C1:  this.id = 42

A static method on any type, with an argument of type C1.
Static method M3(C1 c) on C1:  c.ID = 42
Static method M3(C1 c) on F:  c.ID = 42

A static method on any type, with an argument of
    that type and an argument of type C1.
Static method M4(C1 c1, C1 c2) on C1:  c1.ID = 42, c2.ID = 1491
Static method M4(F f, C1 c) on F:  c.ID = 1491
*/

open System

// Declare two sample classes, C and F. Class C has an ID
// property so instances can be identified.
type C(id) =
    member _.ID = id 

    member _.M1(c: C) =
        printfn $"Instance method M1(C c) on C:  this.id = {id}, c.ID = {c.ID}"

    member _.M2() =
        printfn $"Instance method M2() on C:  this.id = {id}"

    static member M3(c: C) =
        printfn $"Static method M3(C c) on C:  c.ID = {c.ID}"

    static member M4(c1: C, c2: C) =
        printfn $"Static method M4(C c1, C c2) on C:  c1.ID = {c1.ID}, c2.ID = {c2.ID}"

// Declare a delegate type. The object of this code example
// is to show all the methods this delegate can bind to.
type D = delegate of C -> unit


type F() =
    member _.M1(c: C) =
        printfn $"Instance method M1(C c) on F:  c.ID = {c.ID}"

    member _.M3(c: C) =
        printfn $"Static method M3(C c) on F:  c.ID = {c.ID}"

    member _.M4(f: F, c: C) =
        printfn $"Static method M4(F f, C c) on F:  c.ID = {c.ID}"

[<EntryPoint>]
let main _ =
    let c1 = C 42
    let c2 = C 1491
    let f1 = F()

    // Instance method with one argument of type C.
    let cmi1 = typeof<C>.GetMethod "M1"
    // Instance method with no arguments.
    let cmi2 = typeof<C>.GetMethod "M2"
    // Static method with one argument of type C.
    let cmi3 = typeof<C>.GetMethod "M3"
    // Static method with two arguments of type C.
    let cmi4 = typeof<C>.GetMethod "M4"

    // Instance method with one argument of type C.
    let fmi1 = typeof<F>.GetMethod "M1"
    // Static method with one argument of type C.
    let fmi3 = typeof<F>.GetMethod "M3"
    // Static method with an argument of type F and an argument
    // of type C.
    let fmi4 = typeof<F>.GetMethod "M4"

    printfn "\nAn instance method on any type, with an argument of type C."
    // D can represent any instance method that exactly matches its
    // signature. Methods on C and F are shown here.
    let d = Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D>, c1, cmi1) :?> D
    d.Invoke c2
    let d =  Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D>, f1, fmi1) :?> D
    d.Invoke c2

    Console.WriteLine("\nAn instance method on C with no arguments.")
    // D can represent an instance method on C that has no arguments
    // in this case, the argument of D represents the hidden first
    // argument of any instance method. The delegate acts like a
    // static method, and an instance of C must be passed each time
    // it is invoked.
    let d = Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D>, null, cmi2) :?> D
    d.Invoke c1

    printfn "\nA static method on any type, with an argument of type C."
    // D can represent any static method with the same signature.
    // Methods on F and C are shown here.
    let d = Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D>, null, cmi3) :?> D
    d.Invoke c1
    let d = Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D>, null, fmi3) :?> D
    d.Invoke c1

    printfn "\nA static method on any type, with an argument of"
    printfn "    that type and an argument of type C."
    // D can represent any static method with one argument of the
    // type the method belongs and a second argument of type C.
    // In this case, the method is closed over the instance of
    // supplied for the its first argument, and acts like an instance
    // method. Methods on F and C are shown here.
    let d = Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D>, c1, cmi4) :?> D
    d.Invoke c2
    let test =
        Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof<D>, f1, fmi4, false)

    // This final example specifies false for throwOnBindFailure
    // in the call to CreateDelegate, so the variable 'test'
    // contains Nothing if the method fails to bind (for
    // example, if fmi4 happened to represent a method of
    // some class other than F).
    match test with
    | :? D as d ->
        d.Invoke c2
    | _ -> ()
    0

// This code example produces the following output:
//     An instance method on any type, with an argument of type C.
//     Instance method M1(C c) on C:  this.id = 42, c.ID = 1491
//     Instance method M1(C c) on F:  c.ID = 1491
//    
//     An instance method on C with no arguments.
//     Instance method M2() on C:  this.id = 42
//    
//     A static method on any type, with an argument of type C.
//     Static method M3(C c) on C:  c.ID = 42
//     Static method M3(C c) on F:  c.ID = 42
//    
//     A static method on any type, with an argument of
//         that type and an argument of type C.
//     Static method M4(C c1, C c2) on C:  c1.ID = 42, c2.ID = 1491
//     Static method M4(F f, C c) on F:  c.ID = 1491

Imports System.Reflection
Imports System.Security.Permissions

' Declare a delegate type. The object of this code example
' is to show all the methods this delegate can bind to.
'
Public Delegate Sub D(ByVal c As C) 

' Declare two sample classes, C and F. Class C has an ID
' property so instances can be identified.
'
Public Class C

    Private _id As Integer

    Public ReadOnly Property ID() As Integer 
        Get
            Return _id
        End Get
    End Property

    Public Sub New(ByVal newId As Integer) 
        Me._id = newId
    End Sub
    
    Public Sub M1(ByVal c As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1(c As C) on C:  this.id = {0}, c.ID = {1}", _
            Me.id, c.ID)
    End Sub
    
    Public Sub M2() 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M2() on C:  this.id = {0}", Me.id)
    End Sub
    
    Public Shared Sub M3(ByVal c As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Shared method M3(c As C) on C:  c.ID = {0}", c.ID)
    End Sub
    
    Public Shared Sub M4(ByVal c1 As C, ByVal c2 As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Shared method M4(c1 As C, c2 As C) on C:  c1.ID = {0}, c2.ID = {1}", _
            c1.ID, c2.ID)
    End Sub
End Class


Public Class F
    
    Public Sub M1(ByVal c As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1(c As C) on F:  c.ID = {0}", c.ID)
    End Sub
    
    Public Shared Sub M3(ByVal c As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Shared method M3(c As C) on F:  c.ID = {0}", c.ID)
    End Sub
    
    Public Shared Sub M4(ByVal f As F, ByVal c As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Shared method M4(f As F, c As C) on F:  c.ID = {0}", c.ID)
    End Sub
End Class

Public Class Example5

    Public Shared Sub Main()

        Dim c1 As New C(42)
        Dim c2 As New C(1491)
        Dim f1 As New F()

        Dim d As D

        ' Instance method with one argument of type C.
        Dim cmi1 As MethodInfo = GetType(C).GetMethod("M1")
        ' Instance method with no arguments.
        Dim cmi2 As MethodInfo = GetType(C).GetMethod("M2")
        ' Shared method with one argument of type C.
        Dim cmi3 As MethodInfo = GetType(C).GetMethod("M3")
        ' Shared method with two arguments of type C.
        Dim cmi4 As MethodInfo = GetType(C).GetMethod("M4")

        ' Instance method with one argument of type C.
        Dim fmi1 As MethodInfo = GetType(F).GetMethod("M1")
        ' Shared method with one argument of type C.
        Dim fmi3 As MethodInfo = GetType(F).GetMethod("M3")
        ' Shared method with an argument of type F and an 
        ' argument of type C.
        Dim fmi4 As MethodInfo = GetType(F).GetMethod("M4")

        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "An instance method on any type, with an argument of type C.")
        ' D can represent any instance method that exactly matches its
        ' signature. Methods on C and F are shown here.
        '
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), c1, cmi1), D)
        d(c2)
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), f1, fmi1), D)
        d(c2)

        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "An instance method on C with no arguments.")
        ' D can represent an instance method on C that has no arguments;
        ' in this case, the argument of D represents the hidden first
        ' argument of any instance method. The delegate acts like a 
        ' Shared method, and an instance of C must be passed each time
        ' it is invoked.
        '
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), Nothing, cmi2), D)
        d(c1)

        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "A Shared method on any type, with an argument of type C.")
        ' D can represent any Shared method with the same signature.
        ' Methods on F and C are shown here.
        '
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), Nothing, cmi3), D)
        d(c1)
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), Nothing, fmi3), D)
        d(c1)

        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "A Shared method on any type, with an argument of")
        Console.WriteLine("    that type and an argument of type C.")
        ' D can represent any Shared method with one argument of the
        ' type the method belongs and a second argument of type C.
        ' In this case, the method is closed over the instance of
        ' supplied for the its first argument, and acts like an instance
        ' method. Methods on F and C are shown here.
        '
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), c1, cmi4), D)
        d(c2)
        Dim test As [Delegate] =
            [Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), f1, fmi4, False)

        ' This final example specifies False for throwOnBindFailure 
        ' in the call to CreateDelegate, so the variable 'test'
        ' contains Nothing if the method fails to bind (for 
        ' example, if fmi4 happened to represent a method of  
        ' some class other than F).
        '
        If test IsNot Nothing Then
            d = CType(test, D)
            d(c2)
        End If

    End Sub
End Class

' This code example produces the following output:
'
'An instance method on any type, with an argument of type C.
'Instance method M1(c As C) on C:  this.id = 42, c.ID = 1491
'Instance method M1(c As C) on F:  c.ID = 1491
'
'An instance method on C with no arguments.
'Instance method M2() on C:  this.id = 42
'
'A Shared method on any type, with an argument of type C.
'Shared method M3(c As C) on C:  c.ID = 42
'Shared method M3(c As C) on F:  c.ID = 42
'
'A Shared method on any type, with an argument of
'    that type and an argument of type C.
'Shared method M4(c1 As C, c2 As C) on C:  c1.ID = 42, c2.ID = 1491
'Shared method M4(f As F, c As C) on F:  c.ID = 1491
'

Kompatibla parametertyper och returtyp

Parametertyperna och returtypen för ett ombud som skapats med överlagringen av den här metoden måste vara kompatibla med parametertyperna och returtypen för den metod som ombudet representerar, men typerna behöver inte matcha exakt.

En parameter för ett ombud är kompatibel med motsvarande parameter för en metod om typen av delegatparameter är mer restriktiv än typen av metodparameter, eftersom detta garanterar att ett argument som skickas till ombudet kan skickas på ett säkert sätt till metoden.

På samma sätt är returtypen för ett ombud kompatibel med returtypen för en metod om returtypen för metoden är mer restriktiv än ombudets returtyp, eftersom detta garanterar att returvärdet för metoden kan överföras på ett säkert sätt till ombudets returtyp.

Till exempel kan ett ombud med en parameter av typen Hashtable och en returtyp av Object representera en metod med en parameter av typen Object och ett returvärde av typen Hashtable.

Fastställa vilka metoder ett ombud kan representera

Ett annat användbart sätt att tänka på flexibiliteten som tillhandahålls av överbelastningen CreateDelegate(Type, Object, MethodInfo) är att varje given delegering kan representera fyra olika kombinationer av metodsignatur och metodtyp (statisk eller instans). Överväg en delegattyp D med ett argument av typen C. Följande beskriver de metoder som D kan representera och ignorerar returtypen eftersom den måste matcha i alla fall:

• D kan representera alla instansmetoder som har exakt ett argument av typen C, oavsett vilken typ instansmetoden tillhör. När CreateDelegate anropas är firstArgument en instans av den typ som method tillhör, och den resulterande delegaten sägs vara bundet till den instansen. (Trivialt kan D också stängas över en nollreferens om firstArgument är en nollreferens.)

• D kan representera en instansmetod för C som inte har några argument. När CreateDelegate anropas är firstArgument en null-referens. Det resulterande delegatet representerar en instansmetod som är öppen, och en instans av C måste tillhandahållas varje gång den anropas.

• D kan representera en statisk metod som tar ett argument av typen C, och den metoden kan tillhöra vilken typ som helst. När CreateDelegate anropas är firstArgument en null-referens. Det resulterande ombudet representerar en öppen statisk metod och en instans av C måste anges varje gång den anropas.

• D kan representera en statisk metod som tillhör typen F och har två argument, av typen F och typ C. När CreateDelegate anropas är firstArgument en instans av F. Det resulterande delegaten representerar en sluten statisk metod över den instansen av F. Observera att om F och C är av samma typ har den statiska metoden två argument av den typen. (I det här fallet stängs D över en null-referens om firstArgument är en nullreferens.)