Hello Alice Thorogood, welcome to Microsoft Q&A forum.
Based on the symptoms you described, this looks more like an adapter compatibility problem rather than a Windows or monitor fault.
Surface laptops do not output video over a standard HDMI‑to‑USB adapter. USB‑A ports do not carry a video signal, so those adapters can only work if they are DisplayLink‑based (and have the DisplayLink driver installed), or if you are using USB‑C with DisplayPort Alternate Mode.
Here's what you need to check:
- If the adapter plugs into USB‑A, it will only work if it explicitly supports DisplayLink and the DisplayLink driver is installed.
- For best compatibility, use a USB‑C to HDMI/DisplayPort adapter that supports DisplayPort Alt Mode, or a Surface Dock / Designed for Surface adapter.
- Make sure the external monitor input is set to the correct HDMI or DisplayPort source.
- After connecting a supported adapter, press Win + P and choose Extend or Duplicate.
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