Works perfectly fine in my experience. If the power brick itself says something like Input 100–240 V, 50/60 Hz, then that device is designed to run safely anywhere in the world where mains power is in that range, including Turkey at 230 V. For a Microsoft Surface, this rating is printed on the charger block, not on the detachable AC cord. The detachable cord is just a pair of wires; it does not convert or regulate voltage. When it shows only 125 V it is only telling you the maximum voltage the insulation and molding are rated for in North America. It does not affect what the charger can accept because the charger electronics handle the voltage conversion.
I routinely travel with a Surface that has a 125 V–marked cord tail and only use a plug adapter. The important device is the power supply itself, not the cord. As long as the power supply brick says 100–240 V, you should have no issues using a simple plug adapter.
If you want to be absolutely cautious you can buy or borrow a local figure-8 or Mickey-mouse AC cable rated 250 V once you arrive. Many electronics stores sell them cheaply, and hotel front desks often have them. But in practice, you can plug the US cord into an adapter and use it with 230 V every day without trouble, because the voltage handling happens inside the charger brick, not the cord.
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hth
Marcin